E study and M.M.; project administration, A.T. and M.P.-S.; and agreed to the published version in the manuscript. Funding: Write-up processing charges had been funded by Foundation for Science Improvement in Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Wolska 37, 01-201 Poland. Institutional Evaluation Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The Sorafenib References authors declare no conflict of interest.
pharmaceuticalsArticleThe Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Prevents Morphine Tolerance and DependenceLamees Alhassen 1, , Khawla Nuseir 1,2, , Allyssa Ha 1 , Warren Phan 1 , Ilias Marmouzi 1 , Shalini Shah three and Olivier Civelli 1,4, 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (K.N.); [email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (W.P.); [email protected] (I.M.) Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technologies, Irbid 22110, Jordan Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [email protected] Division of Developmental and Cell Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally.Citation: Alhassen, L.; Nuseir, K.; Ha, A.; Phan, W.; Marmouzi, I.; Shah, S.; Civelli, O. The Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Prevents Morphine Tolerance and Dependence. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14101034 Academic Editor: Thomas Efferth Received: 18 September 2021 Accepted: eight October 2021 Published: 12 OctoberAbstract: The SCH 39166 Purity opioid epidemic was triggered by an overprescription of opioid analgesics. In the treatment of chronic pain, repeated opioid administrations are required which ultimately cause tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. A possible method to overcome this conundrum consists of a co-medication that maintains the analgesic rewards of opioids while preventing their adverse liabilities. YHS, the extract in the plant Corydalis yanhusuo, has been utilized as analgesic in conventional Chinese medicine for centuries. More lately, it has been shown to promote analgesia in animal models of acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic discomfort. It acts, at the least in component, by inhibiting the dopamine D2 receptor, suggesting that it may be advantageous to manage addiction. We initial show that, in animals, YHS can increase the efficacy of morphine antinociceptive and, as such, reduce the need to have from the opioid. We then show that YHS, when coadministered with morphine, inhibits morphine tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Finally, we show that, in animals treated for several days with morphine, YHS can reverse morphine dependence and addiction. Together, these information indicate that YHS may well be valuable as a co-medication in morphine therapies to limit adverse morphine effects. Since YHS is readily out there and secure, it might have an immediate optimistic impact to curb the opioid epidemic. Key phrases: opioid epidemic; addiction; dependence; medicinal plant; traditional medicine; Corydalis yanhusuo; antinociceptionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Over the past two decades, dramatic increases in opioid overdose mortality have occurred inside the United St.
